Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) occurs when fluid flow causes deformation of the structure. This deformation, in turn, changes the boundary conditions for the fluid flow. The animation below shows the fluid-structure interaction analysis of an aortic valve. Here, the blood pressure causes the deformation of the leaflets and the opening and closing of the aortic valve, which in turn changes the boundary conditions for the blood flow.

Simulation of Aortic Valve, see ADINA News, Apr. 15, 2003

ADINA offers fluid-structure interaction capabilities in one single program for the solution of problems where the fluids are fully coupled to general structures that can undergo highly nonlinear response due to large deformations, inelasticity, contact and temperature-dependency. A fully coupled fluid-structure interaction means that the response of the solid is strongly affected by the response of the fluid, and vice versa.

From the fluid point of view, the Navier-Stokes flow can be incompressible, slightly compressible, low-speed or high-speed compressible. From the structural point of view, all available element types can be used (i.e. shell, 2-D and 3-D solid, beam, iso-beam, contact surfaces, etc.) as well as all available material models.

Additionally, ADINA offers very efficient fully coupled fluid-structure interaction capabilities in which the fluid is assumed to be an acoustic medium.

How ADINA FSI Works

ADINA combines in one single program state-of-the-art computational solid and fluid dynamics schemes. For fluid flow analysis the user can choose between a nodal-based FCBI (Flow-Condition-Based Interpolation) scheme and a cell-based FCBI-C scheme.

• FCBI finite element scheme: A flow-condition-based interpolation of the velocities is used to provide stability. The finite element equations are assembled calculating consistent Jacobian matrices in the Newton-Raphson iterations. Hence, consistent stiffness matrices can be established for the complete fluid-structure system which makes it possible to solve very complex practical problems with highly nonlinear response.
  
  
• FCBI-C finite element scheme: All solution variables are defined in the center of the element and the coupling between the velocity and the pressure is handled iteratively. Therefore, in FSI analysis the coupling between the solid and fluid models is also handled iteratively. This scheme allows the solution of very large practical problems.

Theses schemes are applicable to any Reynolds number flow, from low to high Reynolds numbers.

Once any part of the computational domain deforms, the Eulerian description of the fluid flow is no longer applicable. Therefore, ADINA solves the governing equations of fluid flow using an Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation.

ADINA FSI is unique because it offers two different methods, DIRECT FSI COUPLING and ITERATIVE FSI COUPLING, to solve the coupling between the fluid and the structural models. In both cases, the conditions of displacement compatibility and traction equilibrium along the structure-fluid interfaces are satisfied:

Displacement compatibility,            d_f = d_s

Traction equilibrium,                      f_f = f_s

where d and f are displacements and tractions, and the subscripts f and s stand for fluid and solid, respectively. In transient analyses, like the simulation of aortic valve shown above, a second-order time integration scheme can be used.

DIRECT FSI COUPLING

In the Direct FSI Coupling solution method the fluid and solid equations are combined and treated in one system (one stiffness matrix), linearized and solved using an iterative algorithm such as the Newton-Raphson method. The Direct FSI Coupling algorithm offers great robustness when solving very difficult FSI problems, for example, large deformations with "soft" structures or highly compressible flows abating very stiff structures. These types of problems are difficult to solve using the Iterative FSI Coupling.

ITERATIVE FSI COUPLING

The fluid and solid equations are solved individually, in succession, always using the latest information provided by the other part of the coupled system. The Iterative FSI Coupling solution method requires less memory than the Direct FSI Coupling method and therefore may be more applicable to solve very large problems.

The unique offering of the two procedures, Iterative and Direct FSI Coupling, provided by ADINA is essential to successfully solve a wide range of problems in the most efficient way.

             •  Direct and Iterative FSI Coupling Example

Some Features of ADINA Fluid-Structure Interactions

1. The FCBI scheme provides great stability, and is applicable to problems with both very high and very low Reynolds numbers.
   • New FCBI Elements for Fluid Flow
   
   
   
2. FSI analysis can be carried out with all flow types, namely incompressible, slightly compressible, low-speed compressible, and high-speed compressible flow. In addition, all fluid material models including non-Newtonian fluids, turbulence models and the VOF method are available for FSI analyses.
   • FSI Analysis of a Deformable Container using VOF
   • FSI Analysis of a Breaking Pipe
   
   
   
3. Potential-based fluid elements are available for efficient FSI analysis with acoustic flows. The potential-based fluid elements may also be used to perform frequency analysis of structures interacting with acoustic flows.

   • Analysis of Liquid Storage Tanks Using Potential-Based Fluid Elements
   • Frequency Analysis of Structures Coupled with Inviscid Fluids
   
   
   
4. ADINA allows the use of arbitrary meshes in the fluid and solid models. Furthermore, the fluid and solid meshes do not have to match perfectly at the fluid-structure interface.
   • Patch Test Using Arbitrary Incompatible Fluid and Solid Meshes on the FSI Boundary
   
   
   
5. Thermal and porous coupling is available between the fluid and the structural models.

   • Thermal Fluid-Structure Interaction including Shell Elements
   
   
   
6. All structural elements, the contact capabilities and the solid material models (i.e., elastic, viscoelastic, rubber, plasticity, etc.) are available for FSI solutions.
   
   
   
7. Gap boundary conditions can be respresented in the fluid models. The gap boundary condition, combined with the contact capabilities in ADINA have been used successfully to model the opening and closing of valves in automotive and biomedical applications.
   • Simulation of Aortic Valve
   
   
   
8. FSI analysis with sliding-mesh capability is available. Combining sliding meshes with FSI capabilities is particularly useful to analyze rotating equipment and turbomachinery.
   • FSI Analysis of a Turbine Using a Sliding Mesh
   
   
   
9. An efficient option can be the automatic one-way-coupled FSI analysis. This type of analysis is very useful when deformations in the solid are small and their influence on the fluid response is negligible. Therefore, no iteration between the fluid and the solid models is needed.
   • One-Way Coupled Fluid-Structure Interactions
   
   
   
10. To further increase the generality of the FSI solution capability, and the accuracy in solutions, ADINA 8.6 offers the capability to adapt and repair CFD meshes so that appropriate mesh grading is used, and very large deformations of a structure can be accommodated. This adaptive meshing technique operates on CFD solution gradients and involves refining and coarsening the mesh in various regions of flow for adequate element sizes throughout the fluid region.
    • Adaptive Meshing in FSI

Applications of ADINA FSI in Industry

ADINA FSI is widely used in many industrial applications, for example

Automotive — shock absorbers, hydraulic engine mounts, valves, pumps, compressors, tire hydroplaning, airbags, exhaust systems, car door seals, etc

Fluid containers — oil tanks subject to earthquake

Biomechanics — cardiovascular mechanics, cerebrospinal mechanics, implant/prosthetic design, cell/tissue mechanics, artificial lung, drug delivery, eye disease, ventricular assist devices, carpal tunnel, vocal fold/upper airway, artificial heart valves, aneurysms, bile flow, etc.

Turbomachinery — impellers, gas turbines, wind turbines, etc.

Nuclear power plants — control rod drop, blow-down experiment, etc.

Aeroelasticity — flutter of airplane wings

Wind engineering — effect of wind on tall buildings, cable stayed bridges, etc.

Compressors, Pumps and Pipe Systems

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

Dam-reservoir interaction — dynamic analysis of different types of dams (Concrete, Rock-fill, etc.)

Some other applications of ADINA FSI include journal bearing, modeling Tsunamis, modeling parachutes, paper industry, printers, copy machines, submerged structures (submarines, dam radial gates, etc.), loud speakers, hearing aids, hydro-fracture (flow through cracked media).

For other multiphysics problems, see multiphysics capabilities of ADINA.

Some Articles Using ADINA FSI

H.Y. Chen, J.A. Navia, S. Shafique, G.S. Kassab, "Fluid–structure interaction in aortic cross-clamping: Implications for vessel injury", Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 43, Issue 2, pp. 221-227, 2010.

Z. Wu, W. Zhou, H. Li, "Modal analysis for filament wound pressure vessels filled with fluid", Composite Structures (In press 2010)

H. Zhang and K.J. Bathe, "A Mesh Adaptivity Procedure for CFD and Fluid-Structure Interactions", Computers and Structures, 87:604-617, 2009

J. Degroote, K.J. Bathe and J. Vierendeels, "Performance of a New Partitioned Procedure versus a Monolithic Procedure in Fluid-Structure Interaction", Computers and Structures, 87, 793-801, 2009.

M. Arab-Ghanbari, M.M. Khani, A. Arefmanesh, F. Tabatabai-Ghomshe, "Analysis of blood turbulent flow in carotid artery including the effects of mural thrombosis using finite element modeling", American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (2): 337-344, 2009.

A.A. Linninger, B. Sweetman, and R. Penn, "Normal and hydrocephalic brain dynamics: the role of reduced cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption in ventricular enlargement", Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 1434–1447, 2009.

A. Valencia, P. Torrens, R. Rivera, M. Galvez, E. Bravo, "A mechanical study of patient-specific cerebral aneurysm models: The correlations between stress and displacement with geometrical indices", Mechanics Research Communications, 36:642–651, 2009.

H.F. Liu, X.Y. Luo, Z.X. Cai and T.J. Pedley, "Sensitivity of unsteady collapsible channel flows to modelling assumptions", Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng, 25:483–504, 2009.

N. Bouaanani , F.Y. Lu, "Assessment of potential-based fluid finite elements for seismic analysis of dam–reservoir systems", Computers and Structures, 87:206–224, 2009.

C. Niklasch, N. Herrmann, "Nonlinear fluid–structure interaction calculation of the leakage behaviour of cracked concrete walls", Nuclear Engineering and Design, 239:1628–1640, 2009.

K.M. Khanafer, J. L. Bull, R. Berguer, "Fluid–structure interaction of turbulent pulsatile flow within a flexible wall axisymmetric aortic aneurysm model", European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids, 28:88–102, 2009.

H.Y. Chen, J.A. Navia, and G.S. Kassab, "A Simulation of Vessel–Clamp Interaction: Transient Closure Dynamics", Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 9, pp. 1772–1780, 2009.

D. Tang, Z. Teng, G. Canton, T.S. Hatsukami, L. Dong, X. Huang and C. Yuan, "Local critical stress correlates better than global maximum stress with plaque morphological features linked to atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability: an in vivo multi-patient study", BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 8:15, 2009.

X. Huang, C. Yang, C. Yuan, F. Liu, G. Canton, J. Zheng, P.K. Woodard, G.A. Sicard, and D. Tang, "Patient-Specific Artery Shrinkage and 3D Zero-Stress State in Multi-Component 3D FSI Models for Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Based on In Vivo MRI Data", Mol Cell Biomech., 6(2):121–134, 2009.

A. Valencia, F. Baeza, "Numerical simulation of fluid–structure interaction in stenotic arteries considering two layer nonlinear anisotropic structural model", International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 36:137–142, 2009.

M.-H. Moosavi, N. Fatouraee, H. Katoozian, "Finite element analysis of blood flow characteristics in a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)", Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 17:654–663, 2009.

K.H. Yoon, J.Y. Kim, K.H. Lee, Y.H. Lee, H.K. Kim, "Control rod drop analysis by finite element method using fluid–structure interaction for a pressurized water reactor power plant", Nuclear Engineering and Design, 239:1857–1861, 2009.

K. Khanafer, R. Berguer, "Fluid–structure interaction analysis of turbulent pulsatile flow within a layered aortic wall as related to aortic dissection", Journal of Biomechanics, 42:2642–2648, 2009.

D. Tang, C. Yang, "3D MRI-Based Anisotropic FSI Models With Cyclic Bending for Human Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Mechanical Analysis", J. Biomech. Eng., Vol. 131, Issue 6, 061010, 2009.

P. Rissland, Y. Alemu, S. Einav, J. Ricotta, D. Bluestein, "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Risk of Rupture: Patient-Specific FSI Simulations Using Anisotropic Model", J. Biomech. Eng., Vol. 131, Issue 3, 031001, 2009.

Y. Zhou, Q.-L. Zhang, Z.-H. Liu, "Numerical Simulation of Fluid-Structure Interaction for Wind-Induced Dynamic Response of Jinan Yellow River Cable-Stayed Bridge in Cantilever State", Proc. 2009 International Conference on Engineering Computation, Hong Kong, 2009.

D. Tang, Z. Teng, G. Canton, C. Yang, M. Ferguson, X. Huang, J. Zheng, P.K. Woodard, C. Yuan, "Sites of Rupture in Human Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaques Are Associated With High Structural Stresses – An In Vivo MRI-Based 3D Fluid-Structure Interaction Study", Stroke, 40:3258, 2009

T. Moghani, J. Butler, S. Loring, "Determinants of friction in soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 42, Issue 8, pp. 1069-1074, 2009.

J.R. Leach, V.L. Rayz, M.R.K. Mofrad, D. Saloner, "An efficient two-stage approach for image-based FSI analysis of atherosclerotic arteries", Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 2009.

P. Rissland, Y. Alemu, S. Einav, J. Ricotta, D. Bluestein, "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Risk of Rupture: Patient-Specific FSI Simulations Using Anisotropic Model", Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Vol. 131 / 031001-1, 2009.

X.Y. Xu, A. Borghi, A. Nchimi, J. Leung, P. Gomez, Z. Cheng, J.O. Defraigne, N. Sakalihasan, "High Levels of 18F-FDG Uptake in Aortic Aneurysm Wall are Associated with High Wall Stress", Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (In press 2009)

W.G. Li, X.Y. Luo, S.B. Chin, N.A. Hill, A.G. Johnson, and N.C. Bird, "Non-Newtonian Bile Flow in Elastic Cystic Duct: One- and Three-Dimensional Modeling", Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp. 1893–1908, 2008.

D. Tang, C. Yang, S. Mondal, F. Liu, G. Canton, T.S. Hatsukami, C. Yuan, "A Negative Correlation between Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression and Plaque Wall Stress: In Vivo MRI-Based 2D/3D FSI Models", J Biomech., 41(4):727–736, 2008.

C.Y. Chee, H.P. Lee, C. Lu, "Using 3D fluid–structure interaction model to analyse the biomechanical properties of erythrocyte", Physics Letters A 372, 1357–1362, 2008.

A. Borghi, N.B. Wood, R.H. Mohiaddin, X.Y. Xu, "Fluid–solid interaction simulation of flow and stress pattern in thoracoabdominal aneurysms: A patient-specific study", Journal of Fluids and Structures, 24:270–280, 2008.

V. Meruane, R. Pascual, "Identification of nonlinear dynamic coefficients in plain journal bearings", Tribology International, 41:743–754, 2008.

I. Avrahami and M. Gharib, "Computational studies of resonance wave pumping in compliant tube", J. Fluid Mech., vol. 608, pp. 139–160, 2008.

C. Yang, D. Tang, S. Kobayashi, J. Zheng, P.K. Woodard, Z. Teng, R. Bach, and D.N. Ku, "Cyclic Bending Contributes to High Stress in a Human Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque and Rupture Risk: In Vitro Experimental Modeling and Ex Vivo MRI-Based Computational Modeling Approach", Mol Cell Biomech., 5(4): 259–274, 2008.

D. Bluestein, Y. Alemu, I. Avrahami, M. Gharib, K. Dumont, J. J. Ricotta, S. Einav, "Influence of microcalcifications on vulnerable plaque mechanics using FSI modeling", Journal of Biomechanics 41:1111–1118, 2008.

A. Valencia, D. Ledermann, R. Rivera, E. Bravo and M. Galvez, "Blood flow dynamics and fluid–structure interaction in patient-specific bifurcating cerebral aneurysms", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 58:1081–1100, 2008.

Y. Cai and Z. Zhao, "Modeling the dynamic process of tsunami earthquake by liquid-solid coupling model", Acta Seismologica Sinica, Vol.21 No.6 (598-607), 2008.

M.G. Doyle, J.-B. Vergniaud, S. Tavoularis, and Y. Bourgault, "Numerical Simulations of Blood Flow in Artificial and Natural Hearts With Fluid–Structure Interaction", Artificial Organs, 32(11):870–879, 2008.

J.Y. Kim, H. Park, K.H. Kwon, J.Y. Park, J.Y. Baek, T.S. Lee, H.R. Song, Y.D. Park, S.H. Lee, "A cell culturing system that integrates the cell loading function on a single platform and evaluation of the pulsatile pumping effect on cells", Biomed Microdevices, 10:11–20, 2008.

C. Yang, D. Tang, T. Geva, P.J. del Nido, "MRI-Based Patient-Specific Computational Modeling of Right Ventricular Response to Pulmonary Valve Insertion Surgery: A Passive Anisotropic FSI Model with Fiber Orientation", Proc. 2008 International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics, pp.160-167, 2008.

D. Tang, C. Yang, "Patient-Specific MRI-Based 3D FSI RV/LV/Patch Models for Pulmonary Valve Replacement Surgery and Patch Optimization", J. Biomech. Eng., Vol. 130, Issue 4, 041010, 2008.

G.P. Ong, T.F. Fwa, "Modeling and Analysis of Truck Hydroplaning on Highways", Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2068, pp. 99-108, 2008.

D.E. Mazur, K.R. Osterholzer, J.M. Toomasian, S.I. Merz, "A Novel, Low Cost, Disposable, Pediatric Pulsatile Rotary Ventricular Pump For Cardiac Surgery that Provides a Physiological Flow Pattern", ASAIO Journal, Vol. 54 , Issue 5, pp. 523-528, 2008.

T.F. Fwa, G.P. Ong, "Wet-Pavement Hydroplaning Risk and Skid Resistance: Analysis", J. Transp. Engrg., Vol. 134, No. 5, pp. 182-190, 2008.

G.P. Ong, T.F. Fwa, "Wet-Pavement Hydroplaning Risk and Skid Resistance: Modeling", J. Transp. Engrg., Vol. 133, Issue 10, pp. 590-598, 2007.

C. Yang, D. Tang, C. Yuan, T.S. Hatsukami, J. Zheng, P.K. Woodard, "In Vivo/Ex Vivo MRI-Based 3D Non-Newtonian FSI Models for Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Compared with Fluid/Wall-Only Models", Comput Model Eng Sci., 19(3): 233–246, 2007.

K.J. Bathe and G.A. Ledezma, "Benchmark Problems for Incompressible Fluid Flows with Structural Interactions", Computers and Structures, 85:628-644, 2007.

C.M. Scotti, E.A. Finol, "Compliant biomechanics of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A fluid–structure interaction study", Computers and Structures, 85 1097–1113, 2007.

J.L. Almazan, F.A. Cerda, J.C. De la Llera, D.Lopez-Garcia, "Linear isolation of stainless steel legged thin-walled tanks", Engineering Structures, 29:1596–1611, 2007.

Q. Jin, X. Li, N. Sun, J. Zhou, J. Guan, "Experimental and numerical study on tuned liquid dampers for controlling earthquake response of jacket offshore platform", Marine Structures, 20:238–254, 2007.

C. Ko and T.D. Brown, "A fluid-immersed multi-body contact finite element formulation for median nerve stress in the carpal tunnel", Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin., 10(5): 343–349, 2007.

A. Liu, S. Rugonyi, J.O. Pentecost, K.L. Thornburg, "Finite element modeling of blood flow-induced mechanical forces in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts", Computers and Structures, 85:727–738, 2007.

C. Yang, D. Tang, I. Haber, T. Geva, P.J. del Nido, "In vivo MRI-based 3D FSI RV/LV models for human right ventricle and patch design for potential computer-aided surgery optimization", Computers and Structures, 85:988–997, 2007.

T. Moghani, J.P. Butler, J. L.-W. Lin, S.H. Loring, "Finite element simulation of elastohydrodynamic lubrication of soft biological tissues", Computers and Structures, 85:1114–1120, 2007.

A. Jana, A. Ramana, B. Dhayal, S.L. Tripp, and R.G. Reifenberger, "Microcantilever mechanics in flowing viscous fluids", Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 114110, 2007.

H.L. Dailey, S.N. Ghadiali, "Fluid-structure analysis of microparticle transport in deformable pulmonary alveoli", Aerosol Science, 38:269 – 288, 2007.

J. Wang, G.A. Tetlow and A.D. Lucey, "Flow-Structure Interaction in the Upper Airway: Motions of a Cantilevered Flexible Plate in Channel Flow with Flexible Walls", Proc. 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, 2007

S.L. Thomson, J.W. Tack, G.J. Verkerke, "A numerical study of the flow-induced vibration characteristics of a voice-producing element for laryngectomized patients", Journal of Biomechanics, 40:3598–3606, 2007

T.-H.Cheng, I.-K. Oh, "Fluid-Structure Coupled Analyses of Composite Wind Turbine Blades", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 26-28, pp 41-44, 2007.

S. Wright, M. Gartner, J. Speakman, J. Tamblyn, F. Pigula, "Design of a perfusion system for fetal cardiopulmonary bypass", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, Supplement 1, Page S256, 2006.

C.J. Flannery, A. Para, D.N. Ku, "Shear dependant platelet accumulation in hemodynamic stenoses", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, Supplement 1, Page S256, 2006.

Y. Zhang, W.-B. Shangguan, "A novel approach for lower frequency performance design of hydraulic engine mounts", Computers and Structures, Vol. 84, Issues 8-9, pp. 572-584, 2006.

D. Nordsletten, P. Hunter and N. Smith, "Dynamic mesh control for cardiovascular flows", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol.39, Supplement 1, Page S610, 2006.

F. Carneiro, S. Teixeira, J. Teixeira, "Numerical study of a pulsatile flow in the abdominal aorta bifurcation", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, Supplement 1, Page S610, 2006.

M. Li, J. Beech-Brandt, L.R. John, P.R. Hoskins, W.J. Easson, "Fluid-wall coupled simulation of pulsatile blood flow in compliant stenosed arteries", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, Supplement 1, Page S439, 2006.

X. Huang, C. Yang, J. Zheng, P. Woodard, D. Tang, "Quantifying vessel material properties using MRI under pressurized condition and MRI-based FSI models for blood flow in diseased human arteries", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, Supplement 1, Page S439, 2006.

K. Dumont, J. Ricotta, P. Impellizzeri, D. Bluestein, "Influence of thrombus in an abdominal aortic aneurysm using a FEM-FSI model", Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 39, Issue null, pp. S439-S439, 2006.

A. Valencia, M. Villanueva, "Unsteady flow and mass transfer in models of stenotic arteries considering fluid-structure interaction", International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 33:966–975, 2006.

J.H. Leung, A.R. Wright, N. Cheshire, J. Crane, S.A. Thom, A.D. Hughes and Y. Xu, "Fluid structure interaction of patient specific abdominal aortic aneurysms: a comparison with solid stress models", BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 5:33, 2006.

S. Basak, A. Raman, S.V. Garimella, "Hydrodynamic loading of microcantilevers vibrating in viscous fluids", J. Appl. Phys. 99:114906, 2006.

J.D. Humphrey, L.E. Niklason, "Biomechanics of cerebral vasospasm", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, Supplement 1 Page S438, 2006.

I. Avrahami, L. Loumes, M. Gharib, "Numerical investigation of the fluid and structure dynamics in models of impedance pump", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, Supplement 1, Page S438, 2006.

H.S. Udaykumar, S. Vigmostad, S. Krishnan, B. Jeffrey and K.B. Chandran, "Simulation of fluid-structure interactions in prosthetic heart valves using a sharp-interface approach", Journal of Biomechanics, Vol, 39, Supplement 1, Page S438, 2006.

D. Tang, C. Yang, J. Zheng, P.K. Woodard, J.E. Saffitz, G.A. Sicard, T.K. Pilgram, C. Yuan, "Quantifying Effects of Plaque Structure and Material Properties on Stress Distributions in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Using 3D FSI Models", J Biomech Eng., 127(7): 1185–1194, 2005.

C.D. Bertram, A.R. Brodbelt, M.A. Stoodley, "The Origins of Syringomyelia: Numerical Models of Fluid/Structure Interactions in the Spinal Cord", J. Biomech. Eng., Vol. 127, Issue 7, 1099, 2005.

E.B. Shim, B.J. Lee, H.J. Ko, "Computational Study on the Hemodynamics of the Bypass Shunt Directly Connecting the left Ventricle to a Coronary Artery", Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology (KSME Int. J.), Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 1158-1168, 2005.

Y. Cheng, H. Oertel, and T. Schenkel, "Fluid-Structure Coupled CFD Simulation of the Left Ventricular Flow During Filling Phase", Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 567–576, 2005.

M.G. Doyle, S. Tavoularis, Y. Bourgault, "Simulation of close-loop flow in a ventricular assist device coupled with a circulatory system model," Third MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics, Elsevier, 1: 972-974, 2005.

C.M. Scotti, A.D. Shkolnik, S.C. Muluk, E.A. Finol, "Fluid-structure interaction in abdominal aortic aneurysms: effects of asymmetry and wall thickness", BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 4:64, 2005.

G.S. Jeong, E.B. Shim, H.J. Ko, C.H. Youn, K. Sun, B.G. Min, "Computational analysis of the three-dimensional hemodynamics of the blood sac in the twin-pulse life-support system", J Artif Organs, 7:174–180, 2004.

D.L. Tang, C. Yang, J. Zheng, P.K. Woodard, G.A. Sicard, J.E. Saffitz, C. Yuan, "3D MRI-based multicomponent FSI models for atherosclerotic plaques," Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 32 (7): 947-960, 2004.

D.L. Tang, C. Yang, S. Kobayashi, D.N. Ku, "Effect of a lipid pool on stress/strain distributions in stenotic arteries: 3-D fluid-structure interactions (FSI) models," Journal of Biomechanical Engineering-Transactions of the ASME, 126 (3): 363-370, 2004.

W.B. Shangguan, Z.H. Lu, "Modeling of a hydraulic engine mount with fluid-structure interaction finite element analysis," Journal of Sound and Vibration, 275 (1-2): 193-221, 2004.

W.B. Shangguan, Z.H. Lu,"Experimental study and simulation of a hydraulic engine mount with fully coupled fluid-structure interaction finite element analysis model," Computers and Structures, 82 (22): 1751-1771, 2004.

J. Chatila, M. Tabbara, "Computational modeling of flow over an ogee spillway," Computers and Structures, 82 (22): 1805-1812, 2004.

A. Gouldstone, R.E. Brown, J.P. Butler, S.H. Loring, "Elastohydrodynamic separation of pleural surfaces during breathing", Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Volume 137, Issue 1, pp. 97-106, 2003.

K.J. Bathe, H. Zhang, "Finite element developments for general fluid flows with structural interactions," International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 60 (1): 213-232, 2004.

R. Kroyer, "FSI analysis in supersonic fluid flow," Computers and Structures, 81 (8-11): 755-764, 2003.

M.R. Kaazempur-Mofrad, M. Bathe, H. Karcher, H.F. Younis, H.C. Seong, E.B. Shim, R.C. Chan, D.P. Hinton, A.G. Isasi, A. Upadhyaya , M.J. Powers, L.G. Griffith, R.D. Kamm, "Role of simulation in understanding biological systems," Computers and Structures, 81 (8-11): 715-726, 2003.

H. Zhang, X.L. Zhang, S.H. Ji, Y.H. Guo, G. Ledezma, N. Elabbasi, h. deCougny, "Recent development of fluid-structure interaction capabilities in the ADINA system," Computers and Structures, 81 (8-11): 1071-1085, 2003.

L. Andersson, P. Andersson, J. Lundwall, J. Sundqvist, K. Nilsson, P. Veber, "On the validation and application of fluid-structure interaction analysis of reactor vessel internals at loss of coolants accidents," Computers and Structures, 81 (8-11): 469-476, 2003.

D. Deserranno, Z.B. Popovic, N.L. Greenberg, M. Kassemi, J.D. Thomas, "Axisymmetric fluid-structure interaction model of the left ventricle," Second MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics, Elsevier, 2: 1669-1672, 2003.

H.F. Younis, M.R. Kaazempur-Mofrad, C. Chung, R.C. Chan, R.D. Kamm, "Computational analysis of the effects of exercise on hemodynamics in the carotid bifurcation," Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 31 (8): 995-1006, 2003.

T. Sussman, J. Sundqvist, "Fluid-structure interaction analysis with a subsonic potential-based fluid formulation," Computers and Structures, 81 (8-11): 949-962, 2003.

R. Kurihara, "Thermofluid analysis of free surface liquid divertor in Tokamak fusion reactor," Fusion Engineering and Design, 61-2: 209-216, 2002.

Y.H. Guo, K.J. Bathe, "A numerical study of a natural convection flow in a cavity," International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 40 (8): 1045-1057, 2002.

A. Malhotra, Y. Huang, R.B. Fogel, G.Pillar, J.K. Edwards, R.Kikinis, S.H. Loring, and D.P. White, "The Male Predisposition to Pharyngeal Collapse Importance of Airway Length", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, Vol 166. pp. 1388–1395, 2002.

S. Rugonyi, K.J. Bathe, "On the Finite Element Analysis of Fluid Flows Fully Coupled with Structural Interactions", Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 2:195-212, 2001.

H.F. Younis, C.I. Chung, R.D. Kamm, "Challenges in developing an accurate model for carotid bifurcation blood flow and wall mechanics," First MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics, Elsevier, 2: 1434-1439, 2001.

K.J. Bathe, H. Zhang and S. Ji, "Finite Element Analysis of Fluid Flows Fully Coupled with Structural Interactions", Computers and Structures, 72:1-16, 1999.

D.L. Tang, C. Yang, Y. Huang, D.N. Ku, "Wall stress and strain analysis using a three-dimensional thick-wall model with fluid-structure interactions for blood flow in carotid arteries with stenoses," Computers and Structures, 72 (1-3): 341-356, 1999.

X.D. Wang, "Analytical and computational approaches for some fluid-structure interaction analyses," Computers and Structures, 72 (1-3): 423-433, 1999.

X.D. Wang, "Simulation of a deformable ball passing through a step diffuser," Computers and Structures, 72 (1-3): 435-456, 1999.

W.I. Moore, E.S. Donovan, C.R. Powers, "Thermal Analysis of automotive lamps using ADINA-F coupled specular radiation and natural convection model," Computers and Structures, 72 (1-3): 17-30, 1999.

X.D. Wang, Z.F. Feng, L.J. Forney, "Computational simulation of turbulent mixing with mass transfer", Computers and Structures, 70 (4): 447-465, 1999.

K.J. Bathe, "Fluid-Structure Interactions", Mechanical Engineering, v 120, No. 5; pp. 66-68, 1998.

X. Wang, K.J. Bathe, "On Mixed Elements for Acoustic Fluid-Structure Interactions", Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences, v 7, no. 3, 329-343, 1997.

L. Andersson, P. Andersson, "Some experiences in the use of ADINA in the Swedish nuclear industry", Computers and Structures, 64 (5-6): 893-907, 1997.