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Following are some publications with reference to the use of ADINA. The pages give the Abstracts of some papers published since 1986 referring to ADINA. The most recent papers are listed first. All these papers may be searched using the box:

Direct methanol fuel cell bubble transport simulations via thermal lattice Boltzmann and volume of fluid methods

K. Fei, T.S. Chen, C.W. Hong

Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kwang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan

Journal of Power Sources 195 (2010) 1940–1945

Abstract: Carbon dioxide bubble removal at the anode of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is an important technique especially for applications in the portable power sources. This paper presents numerical investigations of the two-phase flow, CO₂ bubbles in a liquid methanol solution, in the anode microchannels from the aspect of microfluidics using a thermal lattice Boltzmann model (TLBM). The main purpose is to derive an efficient and effective computational scheme to deal with this technical problem. It is then examined by a commercially available software using Navier–Stokes plus volume of fluid (VOF) method. The latter approach is normally employed by most researchers. A simplified microchannel simulation domain with the dimension of 1.5mm in height (or width) and 16.0mm in length has been setup for both cases to mimic the actual flow path of a CO₂ bubble inside an anodic diffusion layer in the DMFC. This paper compares both numerical schemes and results under the same operation conditions from the viewpoint of fuel cell engineering.

Keywords: Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) - Bubble dynamics - Thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM) - Volume of fluid (VOF)

Modal analysis for filament wound pressure vessels filled with fluid

Z. Wu¹, W. Zhou², H. Li²

¹State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
²School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 202 Haihe Road, Nan’gang District, Harbin 150090, China

Composite Structures (In press 2010)

Abstract: Filament wound pressure vessels have been extensively used in many engineering fields, especially aerospace industry. Vibration-based damage detection methods have the potential to be employed to monitor the health status of the structures based on the fact that damage occurred in a structure would result in changes in its structural dynamic characteristics. However the presence of fluid will affect the dynamic response of this type of vessel structures. Due to the liquid mass decrease during its service, the whole system is considered a time-variant system in terms of its dynamic response even the structure itself remains free of damage, which cause problems for vibration-based damage detection method that utilized dynamic response change to identify damage. Therefore it is critical to understand how the change of the liquid height level influences the dynamic response of the coupled fluid–structure system. This work describes the FEM analysis and an experimental study on the dynamic response of filament wound pressure vessels filled  with liquid of different heights and provides the primary information that can be used for vibration-based damage detection.

Keywords: Modal analysis - Experiment - FEM - Filament wound vessel - FSI

Damage analysis of a steel-concrete composite frame by finite element model updating

Giuseppe Chellini^a, Guido De Roeck^b, Luca Nardini^a, Walter Salvatore^a

^aDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
^bDepartment of Civil Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium

Journal of Constructional Steel Research 66 (2010) 398-411

Abstract: In the last two decades, many studies have reported the effectiveness of Experimental Modal Analysis and Finite Element Model Updating in mechanical and aerospace engineering, where they represent useful tools for Structural Health recognition and can provide an information base for detection, assessment and quantification of structural damage due to exercise actions and exceptional events.
The applications of Damage Detection techniques to civil constructions left some still not well clarified points, due to the great variety of structural typologies, material properties, boundary conditions and possible damage patterns, as in the case of seismic damage. In order to design post-earthquake rehabilitation interventions, in fact a careful knowledge of the damage distribution and residual structural capacity is obviously needed and this can be very expensive and time consuming. However, the application of vibration based damage identification techniques to high ductile structures designed according to seismic capacity approach can improve the feasibility, reliability and efficiency of these methods. In the present study, Finite Element Model Updating procedures based on vibration measurements were used to detect, assess and quantify the structural damage of a high ductile steel_concrete composite frame subjected to increasing seismic damage by means of pseudo dynamic and cyclic test at the Joint Research Centre (Ispra, Italy). The updating process, repeated for three damage levels, has been applied to different finite element structural models (addressing different modelling strategies), allowing a comprehensive description and quantification of the progressive degradation of beam-to-column joints, devoted to dissipate the seismic energy by design.

Fluid–structure interaction in aortic cross-clamping: Implications for vessel injury

Henry Y.Chen^a,e, Jose A.Navia^b, Shoaib Shafique^d, Ghassan S. Kassab^a,c,d,e,f

^aWeldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
^bDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Austral University, Buenos Aires 1011, Argentina
^cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
^dSurgery, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
^eDepartment of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
^fIndiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA

Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 43, Issue 2, Pages 221-227, 2010

Abstract: Vascular cross-clamping is applied in many cardio vascular surgeries such as coronary bypass, aorta repair and valve procedures. Experimental studies have found that clamping of various degrees caused damage to arteries. This study examines the effects of popular clamps on vessel wall. Models of the aorta and clamp were created in Computer Assisted Design and Finite Element Analysis packages. The vessel wall was considered as a non-linear anisotropic material while the fluid was simulated as Newtonian with pulsatile flow. The clamp was applied through displacement time function. Fully coupled two-way solid–fluid interaction models were developed. It was found that the clamp design significantly affected the stresses in vessel wall. The clamp with a protrusion feature increased the overall Von Mises stress by about 60% and the compressive stress by more than 200%. Interestingly, when the protrusion clamp was applied, the Von Mises stress at the lumen (endothelium) side of artery wall was about twice that of the outer wall. This ratio was much higher than that of the plate-like clamp which was about 1.3. The flow reversal process was demonstrated during clamping. Vibrations, flow and wall shear stress oscillations were detected immediately before total vessel occlusion. The commonly used protrusion clamp increased stresses in vessel wall, especially the compressive stress. This design also significantly increased the stresses on endothelium, detrimental to vessel health. The present findings are relevant to surgical clamp design as well as the transient mechanical loading on the endothelium and potential injury. The deformation and stress analysis may provide valuable insights into the mode of tissue injury during cross-clamping.

Keywords:Fluid–structure interaction - Surgical clamp designs - Intramural wall stress - Wall shear stress - Endothelium

Multi-scale design simulation of a novel intermediate-temperature micro solid oxide fuel cell stack system

S.F. Lee, C.W. Hong

Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan

Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy (In press, 2010)

Abstract: This paper presents a multi-scale simulation technique for designing a novel intermediatetemperature planar-type micro solid oxide fuel cell (mSOFC) stack system. This multi-scale technique integrates the fundamentals of molecular dynamics (MD) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). MD simulations are carried out to determine the optimal composition of a potential electrolyte that is capable of operation in the intermediate-temperature region without sacrifice in performance. A commercial CFD package plus a self-written computational electrochemistry code are employed to design the fuel and air flow systems in a planar five-cell stack, including the preheating manifold. Different samarium-doped ceria (SDC) electrolyte compositions and operating temperatures from 673 K to 1023 K are investigated to identify the maximum ionic conductivity. The electrochemical performance simulation using an available 5-cell yittria-stablized-zirconia (YSZ) mSOFC stack
shows good agreement with our experimental results. The same stack design is used to predict a novel SDC-mSOFC performance. Feasibiulity studies of this intermediate-temperature stack are presented using this multi-scale technique.

Keywords: Micro solid oxide fuel cell - Multi-scale simulation - Molecular dynamics - Computational fluid dynamics

Assessment of potential-based fluid finite elements for seismic analysis of dam–reservoir systems

Najib Bouaanani, Fei Ying Lu

Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3A7

Computers and Structures 87 (2009) 206–224

Abstract: This paper assesses the use of a potential-based fluid finite element formulation to investigate earthquake excited dam–reservoir systems. The mathematical background of the analytical and numerical techniques is presented in a uni.ed format. Frequency and time-domain analyses are conducted to validate the potential-based finite element formulation. A case study of a typical dam–reservoir system subjected to earthquake loading is presented. The dynamic response of the system is discussed to illustrate the effects of fluid–structure interaction and reservoir bottom absorption. The validated potential-based fluid elements and boundary conditions are shown to perform adequately for practical seismic analysis of dam–reservoir systems.

Keywords: Finite elements - Fluid–structure interaction - Dam safety - Earthquake engineering - Frequency-domain response - Time-domain response

Nonlinear fluid–structure interaction calculation of the leakage behaviour of cracked concrete walls

Christoph Niklasch^a, Nico Herrmann^b

^aEd. Züblin AG, Technical Head Office, Tunnel Engineering Department, Albstadtweg 3, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany
^bMaterials Testing and Research Institute (MPA Karlsruhe), Universität Karlsruhe (TH), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany

Nuclear Engineering and Design 239 (2009) 1628–1640

Abstract: In the case of severe accidents in nuclear power plants, containments are the last barrier to prevent the release of environmentally hazardous substances. Therefore, the leaktightness of the containment is of decisive importance for the safety and protection of the environment in case of an accident. A numerical model based on the Finite Element Method has been developed to calculate the leakage behaviour of reinforced concrete walls. Leakage flow and structural response are solved iteratively. For the calculation of the leakage flow a fluid model has been used which takes into account the condensation of the steam part within the air–steam mixture. Both, the release of the latent heat in the case of condensation and the following two-phase flow of air and water have been considered, too. Tests with the SIMIBE Experimental facility [Caroli, C., Coulon, N., Renson, C., 1995. Steam leakage through concrete cracks: parametric study with SIMIBE experiment and interpretation of the results. Tech. Rep. Commissariat A L’Energie Atomique (CEA)] are used for verification of the condensation and two-phase flow models.

Modeling and optimizing passive valve designs for the implantable Gold Micro-Shunt used in glaucoma treatment

Judy L. Lin, Jason M. Clevenger

SOLX, Inc., 890 Winter Street, Suite 115, Waltham, MA 02451, USA

Computers and Structures 87 (2009) 664–669

Abstract: Glaucoma is an age-related eye disease that causes ocular nerve damage, typically characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Studies have shown that IOP can vary significantly on the order of days or even hours. Failure to control IOP spikes in this time-frame can lead to irreversible damage to the optic nerve and blindness. The proposed drainage device combines a passive check-valve with the implantable Gold Micro-Shunt to regulate flow based on changing IOP. Using finite element analysis, we examined the mechanical behavior of different valve designs and their flow characteristics. Two designs were found to provide desirable flow resistance.

Keywords: Glaucoma - Intraocular pressure - MEMS - Check-valve - Drainage device - Finite element analysis

A numerical investigation of waves propagating in the spinal cord and subarachnoid space in the presence of a syrinx

C.D. Bertram

Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia

Journal of Fluids and Structures 25 (2009) 1189–1205

Abstract: The term syringomyelia describes fluid-filled cavities in the spinal cord, which can interfere with normal nerve signal transmission. The finite-element code ADINA was used to construct an axisymmetric fluid/structure-interaction model of the tapered spinal cord and subarachnoidspace(SAS), bounded by the dura mater. A syrinx was simulated, of corresponding dimensions to one shown by magnetic resonance imaging data of a patient with syringomyelia. The model was used to investigate the clinical hypothesis that SAS pressure waves move fluid along a syrinx and can thus lengthen it over time by tissue dissection. Simplified versions of the model were used to examine in detail the waves excited, and their reflection and refraction at sites of property discontinuity in the system. Comparison was made with wave predictions based on an analytical model, and excellent agreement was found. The results suggest that, under the circumstances modelled, pressure wave-induced motion of syrinx fluid is unlikely to lengthen such cavities, unless the transverse tensile strength of cord tissue is even smaller than has been appreciated so far.

Keywords: Syringomyelia - Fluid–structure interaction - Wave transmission - Chiari malformation - Cerebrospinal fluid

Numerical simulation of fluid–structure interaction in stenotic arteries considering two layer nonlinear anisotropic structural model

Alvaro Valencia, Fernando Baeza

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 2777, Santiago, Chile

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 36 (2009) 137–142

Abstract: The unsteady non-Newtonian blood flow in symmetric stenotic arteries is numerically simulated considering fluid–structure interaction (FSI) using the code ADINA. A two layer hyperelastic anisotropic structural model is used for the compliant arterial wall. The pressure used as outlet boundary condition was obtained running a CFD simulation for each stenosis with a physiologically-realistic time variation of pressure at inlet for different velocities. The obtained pressure drop increases in potential form with the inlet velocity for a fixed stenosis severity. The FSI results show that the maxima velocity and WSS at throat increase in exponential form with stenosis severity. The minimum and maximum effective stress at throat for stenosis severity of S=70% ranged between 47 kPa and 96 kPa at diastole and systole, respectively.

Keywords: CFD - FSI - WSS - Anisotropic artery - Stenosis - Blood flow - Effective stress

Contact interface in seismic analysis of circular tunnels

Hassan Sedarat^a, Alexander Kozak^a, Youssef M.A. Hashash^b, Anoosh Shamsabadi^c, Alex Krimotat^a

^aSC Solutions, 1261 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
^bUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
^bCaltrans, Department of Transportation, State of California, 3 Mayapple Way, Irvine, CA 92612, USA

Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 24 (2009) 482–490

Abstract: The seismic analysis of underground structures requires a careful consideration of the important effect of shear strains in the soil due to vertically propagating horizontal shear waves. These strains result in ovaling deformations of circular tunnels or racking deformations of rectangular tunnels. Closed-form solutions as well as numerical analyses are used to characterize this soil-structure interaction problem. Many of these solutions assume full normal contact at the interface between the soil and tunnel lining. This work describes a numerical finite element study of soil-circular tunnel lining interaction with contact conditions that allow both limited slippage and separation to prevent development of potentially unrealistic normal tensile and tangential forces at the interface. The analyses highlight the significant limitations of widely used closed-form solutions in engineering practice. The finite element solutions demonstrate the need for realistic representation of the soil-tunnel interaction using numerical modeling approaches.

Keywords: Seismic analysis - Soil-tunnel interaction - Frictional contact - Underground structures

An impedance sensor to monitor and control cerebral ventricular volume

Andreas Linninger^a, Sukhraaj Basati^a, Robert Dawe^a, Richard Penn^b

^aLaboratory for Product and Process Design (LPPD), Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
^bDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States

Medical Engineering & Physics 31 (2009) 838–845

Abstract: This paper presents a sensor for monitoring and controlling the volume of the cerebrospinal flulid-filledventricles of the brain. The measurement principle of the sensor exploits electrical conductivity differences between the cerebrospinal flulid and the brain tissue. The electrical contrastwas validated using dog brain tissue. Experiments with prototype sensors accurately measured the volume content of elastically deformable membranes and gel phantoms with conductivity properties made to match human brain. The sensor was incorporated into a fully automatic feedback control system designed to maintain the ventricular volume at normal levels. The experimental conductivity properties were also used to assess the sensor performance in a simulated case of hydrocephalus. The computer analysis predicted voltage drops over the entire range of ventricular size changes with acceptable positional dependence of the sensor electrodes inside the ventricular space. These promising experimental and computational results of the novel impedance sensor with feedbackmay serve as the foundation for improved therapeutic options for hydrocephalic patients relying on volume sensing, monitoring or active feedback control.

Keywords: Cerebrospinal flulid - CSF - Pressure shunts - Volume sensor - Hydrocephalus

Finite element analysis of blood flow characteristics in a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)

Mir-Hossein Moosavi, Nasser Fatouraee, Hamid Katoozian

Biological Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 15914, Iran

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 17 (2009) 654–663

Abstract: The replacement or augmentation of failing human organs with artificial devices and systems has been an important element in health care for several decades. There are a lot of geometrical and flow considerations in the artificial organs that are developed to perform in contact with the blood particles. For example, preventing the stagnation, high pressure and shear regions is an important consideration in artificial organ design. In this paper, the geometrical and boundary conditions for the blood flow in the HeartSaver Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) are studied using the numerical solution of the governing equations. In order to provide the interaction between the blood and the elastic diaphragm and between the blood and the inlet/outlet valves, the Fluid-Structural Interaction (FSI) approach is used in this study. Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) Finite Element Method (FEM) formulation is used for the numerical solution of the flow domain. Blood and the driving fluid are assumed as isothermal, Newtonian, viscose and incompressible fluids. The numerical solution has provided the required characteristics for the evaluation of the performance of the VAD in contact with the realistic flow conditions. Although they present the formation of wakes in the blood chamber, no stagnation points and high shear rate zones are detected in the blood chamber.

Keywords: Heart valve - Blood flow - Elastic diaphragm - Heart failure - Fluid-Structure Interaction

MRI-based biomechanical imaging: initial study on early plaque progression and vessel remodeling

Jie Zheng^a, Dana R. Abendschein^a, Ruth J. Okamoto^a, Deshan Yang^a, Kyle S. McCommis^a, Bernd Misselwitz^b, Robert J. Gropler^a, Dalin Tang^c

^aMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63131, USA
^bBayer Schering Pharma AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
^cWorcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2009, in press)

Abstract:
The goal of the study is to develop a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based biomechanical imaging technique to address biomechanical pathways of atherosclerotic progression and regression in vivo using a 3D fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model. Initial in vivo study was carried out in an early plaque model in pigs that underwent balloon-overstretch injury to the left carotid arteries. Consecutive MRI scans were performed while the pigs were maintained on high cholesterol (progression) or normal chow (regression), with an injection
of a plaque-targeted contrast agent, Gadofluorine M. At the end of study, the specimens of carotid arterial segments were dissected and underwent dedicated mechanical testing to determine their material properties. 3D FSI computational model was applied to calculate structure stress and strain distribution. The plaque structure resembles early plaque with thickened intima. Lower maximal flow shear stress correlates with the growth of plaque volume during progression, but not during regression. In contrast, maximal principle structure stress/stain (stress-P1 and strain-P1) were shown to correlate strongly with the change in the plaque dimension during regression, but moderately during progression. This MRI-based biomechanical imaging method may allow for noninvasive dynamic assessment of local hemodynamic forces on the development of atherosclerotic plaques in vivo.

Keywords: MR - Atherosclerosis - Biomechanics - Stress - Stain - Contrast agent

Control rod drop analysis by finite element method using fluid–structureinteraction for a pressurized water reactor power plant

K.H. Yoon., J.Y. Kim, K.H. Lee, Y.H. Lee, H.K. Kim

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daedukdaero 1045 Dukjin-Dong, Yusong-Ku, Daejeon 305-353, Republic of Korea

Nuclear Engineering and Design 239 (2009) 1857–1861

Abstract: The control rod drop analysis is very important for safety analysis. For seismic and loss of coolant accident event, the control rod assemblies shall be capable of traveling from a fully withdrawn position to 90% insertion without any blockage and within specified time and displacement limits. The analysis has been executed by analytical method using in-house code. In this method, several field data are needed. These data are obtained from nuclear, thermal–hydraulic and mechanical design groups, peculiar codes, those work groups need to cooperate together. Following the enhancement of a computer and development of the multi-physics analysis code, a new method for the control rod drop analysis is proposed by finite element method. This analysis model incorporates the structure and fluid parts, termed as a fluid and structure interaction (FSI). Because a control rod is submerged inside a guide tube of a fuel assembly, the FSI boundary condition is applied. In
this model, it is assumed that the fluid is incompressible laminar flow. The structures are modeled with the solid elements because there is no deformation due to the fluid flow. The analysis two-dimensional plane model is created in the analysis with considering an axi-symmetric geometry. Therefore, the proposed analysis model will be very simple and the design data from other fields will be unnecessary. The analysis results are compared with those of the in-house code, which have been used for a commercial design. After validation, it is found that the present analysis gives a useful tool in the design of the control rod and fuel assembly.

In situ thermal imaging and three-dimensional finite element modeling of tungsten carbide–cobalt during laser deposition

Yuhong Xiong^a, William H. Hofmeister^b, Zhao Cheng^c, John E. Smugeresky^d, Enrique J. Lavernia^a, Julie M. Schoenung^a

^aDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
^bCenter for Laser Applications, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
^cEarth Mechanics Inc., Oakland, CA 94621, USA
^dSandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA

Acta Materialia 57 (2009) 5419–5429

Abstract: Laser deposition is being used for the fabrication of net shapes from a broad range of materials, including tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) cermets (composites composed of a metallic phase and a hard refractory phase). During deposition, an unusual thermal condition is created for cermets, resulting in rather complex microstructures. To provide a fundamental insight into the evolution of such microstructures, we studied the thermal behavior of WC–Co cermets during laser deposition involving complementary results from in situ high-speed thermal imaging and three-dimensional finite element modeling. The former allowed for the characterization of temperature gradients and cooling rates in the vicinity of the molten pool, whereas the latter allowed for simulation of the entire sample. By combining the two methods, a more robust analysis of the thermal behavior was achieved. The model and the imaging results correlate well with each other and with the alternating sublayers observed in the microstructure.

Keywords: Thermal imaging - Finite element modeling - WC–Co - Laser engineered net shaping

Analysis of blood turbulent flow in carotid artery including the effects of mural thrombosis using finite element modeling

¹M.Arab-Ghanbari, ²M.M.Khani, ¹A. Arefmanesh, ¹F.Tabatabai-Ghomshe
¹Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
²Academic Centre for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Shaheed Beheshti Medical University Branch (SBMU), Biomedical Engineering Department, Tehran, Iran

American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (2): 337-344, 2009

Abstract: Arterial thrombosis is an extremely significant health problem. As a result of numerous factors involved in such problem, describing the role of hemodynamics in thrombogenesis has been asserted to be one of the most demanding and complicated challenges in biomechanics. An axisymmetric model considering fluid-structure interactions (FSI) was introduced and numerically solved for an artery with a thrombosis to perform flow and stress-strain analysis and investigate the probability of thrombus ruptures leading to embolization. Three models with different thrombus heights were considered and the Navier-Stokes equations were solved for the blood flow as the fluid domain. Results indicated that there are recirculation regions after thrombus bulk, which are susceptible to rethrombosis and stenosis. It was also shown that when the thrombus height increases, the shear stress magnitude on FSI boundary increases and the area near the thrombus peak is too susceptible to rupture. Besides, stress-strain distribution analysis demonstrated that by increasing the thrombus height, the region with high shear stress on the wall declines while the shear stress magnitude of the region under the peak increases up to 4 times. When the thrombus height is low enough (34% of artery diameter), its deformation is larger at the peak and a large area of its downstream side. However, by increasing the thrombus height, there are two sites of large deformation in thrombus at the peak and a small area at the leading edge (in compression site) of thrombus. These regions are vulnerable because of rupture probability.

Keywords: Thrombus - embolism - shear stress - FSI - hemodynamics

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